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Traumatic brain injury and concussions result from a direct blow to the head or rapid acceleration and deceleration of the brain inside the skull such as in a motor vehicle collision. A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury which can cause subtle brain tissue damage, and which causes a series of neurometabolic changes in the brain which can result in headaches, cognitive difficulty, visual changes, balance difficulty and vertigo, mood changes, and sleep disturbance, among others. Sports-related injuries, falls, and motor vehicle collisions are just a few of the many mechanisms by which a person can suffer a concussion or traumatic brain injury. 

Migraine is a common headache disorder which affects millions of people around the world and which tends to run in families. It is typically a throbbing type of headache with pain and pressure behind the eyes, and it commonly involves light and noise sensitivity and sometimes nausea. Some people with migraine have associated neurological symptoms before, during, or after the headache, such as visual changes, vertigo, or changes in sensation or speech.

Stroke most often occurs when a part of the brain is deprived of blood because of a blood clot or because of a spike in blood pressure. When this occurs, the part of the brain that is deprived of blood will stop working very abruptly, and a person will exhibit neurological deficits such as loss of vision, difficulty speaking, loss of strength or sensation on one side of the body, facial weakness, severe imbalance, or loss of coordination. TIA is a "stroke warning" in which the brain is deprived of blood for a short period of time which is not enough to cause an actual stroke. The same type of symptoms will occur, but they will resolve when blood flow is restored.

Hemorrhage (bleeding) can occur in the brain itself when a blood vessel opens up due to a spike in blood pressure or due to an underlying tumor. Subdural hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage are other types of hemorrhages which occur outside the brain, in between the meninges (layers between the brain and skull).